Tuesday, April 29, 2008

B'Day of Emperor Showa, Stingy Hawks and Enchantment of Minority

昭和天皇誕生日。

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朝から「ホークス・ファンブック」からの写真を整理して、数枚「南海ブログ」に貼り付けていたら1日終わってしまった。「Blogger」が英語版だからかどうか、理由はわからんが、レイアウトが面倒で困る。「Preview」と実際の画面はまったくかけ離れたもので役に立たん。各写真の大きさをソフトに任せるわけにはいかないので調整すると、わずかの差がとんでもない結果を生む。使い勝手がたいへ~ん悪い。

歴史や記録には何の関係もないが、昭和51年5月2日に撮影されて、翌年のファンブックに掲載された1塁側スタンドの写真を追加しないわけにはいかなかった。自分(の後頭部)が写っているから……。

記録と照合して撮影日を特定しようとしても、残念ながら、1日、2日の違いがはっきりわからないものもある。そして、前年撮影した写真をそのまま翌年も使用する「使い回し」も発見した。さすが「しぶちんホークス」。宮本洋二郎コーチの写真2枚(左75年版と右76年版)は、3人を写したものを切り離しただけで同一のものだし、76年版(左)と77年版(右)の元田昌義コーチの写真は背景がまったく同じ。いや、驚くまい。中百舌鳥球場で撮影した写真を切り取って、大阪球場の背景に貼り付けするのがホークス流なんだから。

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それにしても何でこんなに暑いのか……。ここ数日のエアコン風で「夏風邪」になりそう。

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Being in minority keeps me from going blind.

In Ho Chi Minh, the only Japanese phrases I uttered were “Konbanwa” and “Hai, genki desu.” Some coffee shop waiters were saying to me, “Ni hao ma?” For the past few weeks at least, the only occasions where I spoke any Japanese were two gatherings of “Meetup” I attended, especially last Saturday’s. Whether in Vietnam or Singapore or anywhere else, these situations make me realize that I’m a “gaijin.” That’s one of the most interesting, attractive and even inspiring opportunities that one can have overseas.

I have a lovely confusing example as to how one can be a minority or international. Early this year, I borrowed a book from my good Indian friend. The book was originally written by a Brazilian author in Portuguese. The edition I borrowed was in English and I read it in Vietnam and Cambodia. Totally confusing but I like this kind of mixture, which I call the beauty of impurity.

If most things go unquestioned because many people accept them as they are, there is no development. Overseas or not, but especially overseas, one should go beyond his or her natural boundary and explore what’s there over it. What’s the point of living overseas if you stay with your own tribe in the first place?

Monday, April 28, 2008

Heat Island and Mosquito Mystery

Oppressive heat… and a mosquito was attacking me this early morning. I turned on the air-conditioner even though I don’t like “mechanical wind,” desperately hoping that the mosquito may decide to take a rest with a cooler temperature. No chance. The success rate of her sorties seemed increasing. Then, I turned on the bedside lamp to try to find the stealth creature. No trace of it. So frustrated, I moved to the living room to sleep on the sofa. The female flyer followed me to the room. I was keeping slapping myself feeling bites. When I moved back to my room, it was 6 am. And I found a crushed tiny black thing in my hand. I finally won this fierce battle after suffering seven bits altogether. My blood must be incredibly sweet for female mosquitoes. They love me so much!

Well, mosquitoes insert their needles indiscriminately, regardless of the blood type they feed themselves on. How can they? Why doesn’t it cause any complication from mixing different blood types inside their little bodies? What’s the mechanism of their blood digestion? They have no trouble with blood transfusion, unlike us, poor human beings.

Olympic Torch Stained Again, This Time by Jpn Extremists

An unprecedented event in the history of the Olympics is unfolding in every city where the torch arrives causing a pandemonium. Nagano was not an exception. Surrounded by a heavy guard of the police and “frame attendants” from China, no runner was clearly seen by spectators.

But an exception about Nagano was the presence of right-wing extremists among the protesters. They are not supporters of Tibet or its independence. They are simply a bunch of yakuza-like guys who hate communism generally and the People’ Republic in particular, and who probably know little about communism or its history. It must have been an embarrassment for those who sincerely support the rights of the Tibetans.

And those Japanese couple and a (their?) kid who appeared at the torch relay with a Tibet flag in Kuala Lumpur… Who are they? Why were they there?

Saturday, April 26, 2008

Bird Flu, "Dalai," Low BP, JB Trip and TODAY Articles

鳥インフルエンザの略語として定着してしまったような「鳥インフル」だが、どうも自分にはしっくりこない。「インフレ」「インフラ」と似た略語がすでに存在するし、「インフルエンザ」には「流行性感冒(流感)」という日本語もある。なぜ「鳥流感」ではいけないのか?それとも「流感」が死語となりつつあるということか?英語で「influenza」の略語は「flu」だから、「鳥フル」とでもするか。

産経新聞の電子版には、「中国、ダライ側と対話」とあった。気にいらん。どうしても「ダライ・ラマ」を略す必要があるなら、「ラマ」とする方がいいと思うが。

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Yesterday morning, it was so difficult for me to get out of bed, feeling that my heart was not pumping with enough pressure to send blood into the body system. It seemed its beatings were weak and slow, making me take many deep breaths to try to kick-start it. It was not my first time feeling this way. I remember, when I was a kid, a neighborhood doctor said, “Your heart is a little bigger than normal…” And my veins are now big too. If my heart is really even a bit bigger for my body size, it is no wonder if my blood pressure sometimes goes down. No doctor or nurse has any problem to insert a needle into my veins. So big, fine and clear that an anesthetist even cried out, apparently with a joy, “Beautiful veins!”

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And then this morning, I woke up in a far better state than usual… I don’t know what is so different today from yesterday. As my social visit pass expired in a few days (on Sunday), I decided to go out. It was a super jam (but no bread) before the Woodlands Checkpoint. I brought my PC to do some work but my same old Coffee Bean in JB was so so cold (what’s worse, the keyboard was not so kind to me (now the “M” key is really funny), I left there after less than two hours. I am quite content though because tonight’s officer, having a look at the rather old letter from the director, let me in with no question asked.

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“TODAY” reported (with no photo) in its weekend edition (19-20), as it should, on previous day’s press conference by the “Reform Party.” On the left of the article was a longer story titled “Why Choose PAP?” consisting an interview with two smiling PAP members.

On 24th, the same paper published a letter from a reader, “Nothing like the printed word: Internet users must back up reading from reputable print sources.” Above the letter was a photo of a collection of magazines and books. And among them is “The Economist,” which seems very much reputable except in a few countries in the world. One of the few is…

Wednesday, April 23, 2008

"Cinema Kabuki" Gone and Wasabi Mystery

今日は、川勝傳・元南海ホークス・オーナーの命日。

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After all, I missed the chance to go watch “Cinema Kabuki” at Cathay. I really need a forceful push or a compelling reason to visit movie theaters. It seems “Cinema Kabuki” is a big, but not compelling enough, reason. Even with a small TV screen, I feel far more comfortable to watch DVDs at home.

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ここしばらく気になっている山葵(わさび)の謎。山葵の香味・風味は、唐辛子や塩と同様に「辛い」という形容詞で説明される。「辛い」には「塩辛い」「甘辛い」「醤油辛い」などがあるが、それは味についてであって、味よりも香味や風味について形容すべき山葵の場合、「辛い」が適切なのか?「広辞苑」には、「激しく舌を刺激するような味である」「唐がらし、わさび、しょうがなどの味にいう」「(鹹いと書く」塩味が強い」とある。「辛い」を使用することに問題ないようだが、納得いかない。確かにしょうがには「味」があるが、唐辛子や山葵には「辛さ」の他に、はっきりと知覚できるような「味」があるのだろうか?

また、英語には「spicy」「hot」といった語や、この2つを組み合わせた「spicy hot」という句があって、いずれも山葵と唐辛子の形容に使われる。だが、「鼻にきて涙を流させる」山葵と「口にきて汗をかかせる(fiery hot)」唐辛子の刺激は明らかに違うもので、同じ表現を使用するのがためらわれる。しょうがの辛さも「口にくる」が唐辛子の辛さとは異なる。

「American Heritage Dictionary」は「wasabi」の説明に「pungent」を使っている。妥当なんだろうか?「味や臭いが強い」ことを意味するのでドリアンも「pungent」と言える。もっと正確に山葵の風味を表現する語があってもいいと思うのだが。かと言って、「pungent and nasally hot」なんかでは長ったらしい。形容詞が豊富な日本語に、山葵を形容するピッタリの語があってもいいのに。山葵の特質を2つに分けて「わび」「さび」となったわけでもないだろうし。

山葵について調べるうちにわかったのは、山葵は「水わさび」とも呼ばれ、「西洋わさび・山わさび(horseradish)」としっかり区別されている。市販されているチューブ入りわさびには、「本わさび」と記載されていない限り、本物の山葵はまったく含まれておらず、通常は大根と西洋わさびに緑色の着色料を加えたものだということ。ずっとだまされていた。また、山葵の風味は空気にさらされると短時間で薄れてしまい、また醤油に混ぜても同様らしい。ネタとシャリの間に山葵を挟むことは理にかなっているということになる。

写真は、昨年JBの「屋台村」で発見したメニュー。誕生日ケーキに模したスシにスシ・パフェって……。I’ve been involved in “linguistic localization” for many years. I probably shouldn’t complain about “culinary localization” from now on… But then…

振り返って、日本にも不思議なものはある。「American coffee」に「Italian spaghetti」。「命名者、出て来い!」(A la 人生幸朗)

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I finished the work, given thankfully by CY, this late afternoon. My plan was to finish it before midnight. It turned out that I mistakenly believed the deadline would be tomorrow, even though I circled “23” of the calendar on my desk. (I didn’t remember why I did so, a clear sign of ageing.) So, I thought that passing my work to him by the end of today would be early enough… A lucky thing is I cancelled my attendance to the birthday party for one of my friends, believing that I wouldn’t have enough time to complete the work in time. If I had gone out, I don’t think I could’ve reached the end of the document.

Monday, April 21, 2008

Zappa and Lennon + Noisy Yoko

“YouTube” has a video of Frank Zappa and John Lennon (and Yoko Ono) playing on the same stage of Fillmore East. A famous encounter, which has been much talked about, but Zappa was not able to include this session to his album due to a copyright issue. Lennon did include it to his album. And Yoko… why was she on the stage, just making annoying noises as always?

Every time I listen to Zappa, I’m amazed with his clear diction. Maybe I should wear a brace to realign my teeth to improve my pronunciation…

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I ordered a Japanese book published in 1977 (「日本プロ野球1977」) and asked my good friend and almost the only contact I still have in Japan to receive it for me. The book is an invaluable source of information and photos!! I regret I didn’t buy it when it was published, but now it could be obtained much cheaply. I’m so eager to see if the record book had any mention of the dismissal of Manager Nomura. Probably not, as the book is all about the games. Still, I hope to see photos of Fujita, Fujiwara, Enatsu and Kadota…

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妹を殺害して遺体を切断した被告の裁判。産経新聞(電子版)は、「20代初めの若者とは思えない馬鹿丁寧な口調で答え続ける勇貴被告。現実的でないこの口調も手伝って、犯行の様子はどこか人ごとのように聞こえる」と批判的に書いている。新聞はいつも被告に批判的で、無罪判決が下されると手のひらを返して擁護する。

裁判長「今日は裁判所から質問します」
勇貴被告「よろしくお願いします」

このやりとりで始まった審理では、被告の慎重で丁寧な言葉が目立つ。確かに「20代初めの若者とは思えない」が、「馬鹿丁寧」との記述はどうか?丁寧さは謙虚さとも理解できるし、自分には、明確ではない事項には、はっきりと答えるべきではないという、冷静、慎重に自己の思考を分析しようとする正直な態度に映る。彼の分析力と日本語能力の高さだと思う。

それにしても産経はどうしてこの裁判といい、「セレブ妻の夫殺人事件」といい、一言一句まで報じるのだろう。非常に野次馬的な姿勢を感じる。

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米ロイヤルズに昇格したばっかりの野茂が戦力外通告を受けた。今後どうするのか知らないが、これまでの経験からして、こんなことで動揺するはずない。

Saturday, April 19, 2008

Yet Another Bad Headline, Linguistic Awareness, Miss M and Filipina Pub, and Bad Dreams

読売新聞(電子版)の見出し:「女性の経血から心房細胞……」。「男性の経血」ってあんのか?文字数のムダ。

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This morning, I attended the last workshop. I certainly appreciate for having been given extra chances to attend workshops. To me, the two languages, Japanese and English, are inseparable. It seems my interest in the two is intertwined. Thanks to the TESOL course, my curiosity in Japanese has also been raised (once again).

And this afternoon, I met a group of people who are learning or interested in the Japanese language. Well, as far as I know, many such people are interested in manga, J-pop or TV dramas… There’s nothing wrong with it. Whatever motivates them to learn the language is fine. Having said so, I truly wish that at least some of them will have a much broader view of the language, the country and its culture. Then they would understand how manga was born and how it’s evolved since and how the popular music has changed over the years. Has anyone seen any Ozu or Kurosawa movie??

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Last Wednesday night, M suggested that we go to the Filipina pub in Chinatown again on the following night, and I readily agreed, knowing that I would have to spend some $$ again. I arrived there at 9 pm and she was not there. She finally came at around 10:30 pm. She was totally grumpy and unhappy, and I didn’t know why. I still don’t why she was so tense and even rude. One of the Filipinas working there said to me that she didn’t think she was a “lady.” Ha? Do you think she is a man?? “No, but she can talk to us…” The Filipina didn’t elaborate further, but I used the word “butch” to describe M and she understood it. I don’t know… Maybe M “used” me as an excuse to meet girls from the Philippines. I don’t think I have another opportunity to see her. A friend of seven years has gone.

And I learned that those Filipinas were not getting any salary… Their income comes 100% from the drinks they ask customers to buy for them. So pathetic… I asked one, whom I didn’t see last week, if she had left her family behind, and she said yes. She arrived here only last week. What happened to your hubby? “He disappeared because of another woman” was her answer. Rather a well-told story about Filipinas. She told me that she has a 7-year-old son back in the country.

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I walked back home from Chinatown. I had a series of bad dreams… A familiar theme… Everybody except a small dog (is it Buddy?) is against me or ignores me. Even the dog doesn’t belong to me. The dog and I have to say the final good-bye to each other.

Wednesday, April 16, 2008

Insomnia Again??

ここ数日、寝つきが悪い。すっきり眠れていたのに。それで、朝は早く目が覚める。努力して、また眠る。近くのコンド建設現場からの騒音も困ったもんだ。早朝のドリルの騒音、鳥と人の声……。全部、しっかり聞こえる。

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Because Miss Q seemed unwilling to tell me what the discussion would be about, I messaged her. She only said in reply “It’s about the house.” I expected it, but she wouldn’t elaborate any further. I want to prepare my answers, and I may have to talk to people should I have to move out of here. But in her later message, she said, “I’m watching TV now. Talk to you next week.” Is it fair?? Maybe it’s not so important as watching TV is her priority.

Nara's "Sento-kun," Supremely Disgusting Design

平城京遷都1300年を記念する奈良県の「キャラクター」の名前が決まったらしい。「せんとくん」。名前はいいとして、すでに抗議があるようにデザインがひどすぎる。京都タワーの「たわわちゃん」と低俗度を争う資格あり。ここにイラストを載せるのにも勇気がいるので載せない。誰がデザインしたのか知らないが、デザイナーとして失格。同じ趣旨で自分が作るなら、剃髪した鹿に僧衣を着せるな。

Sunday, April 13, 2008

Oversleeping and "Laban" in the Philippines

Yesterday, during the workshop, the course director invited me for a meeting in Kallang to introduce me to new people. I was to arrive at the meeting place at 10 am, and alas, when I woke up, it was already 10:10 am… I messaged her and gave up…

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A few nights ago, I added some magazine-cover photos to my “MM on the Philippines” entry. All photos are about the “People Power” revolution led by Cory Aquino and then backed by Fidel Ramos and Juan Ponce Enrile.

The memories of this “EDSA revolution” of February to March 1986, the first of similar mass movements that were to come later in the country, are indelible. It was my first lesson of international politics. Not satisfied enough with two American weekly news magazines and Japanese TV news reports, I was running to the nearest station to buy the latest Japan Times. The “laban (struggle)” sign by Aquino and her supporters, the press conference by Ramos and Enrile at the Aguinaldo base, singing by Imelda from the Malacanang Palace balcony and the Marcos family’s helicopter-fleeing to Guam and then to Hawaii… All are still vivid.

I had stopped reading a US magazine as finishing it every week in time was only too time-consuming and was beyond my reading skills. Because of this Marcos-Aquino confrontation, I decided to restart my reading.

Saturday, April 12, 2008

Ever Enigmatic Miss Q

Tonight, Miss Q messaged me, asking me when my certification course would end. In her second message, she told me that she had something to “discuss” with me. “Discuss” is a big word… And so often, her messages are enigmatic, making me wonder what her intention is. I asked her to tell me what she’d like to discuss so that I could have time to think. No reply. Would she like to kick me out of here? If so, I’d not be surprised.

"Definitely Maybe"

A movie titled “Definitely, Maybe” is now showing. I went like “Huh??” when I was checking the showing times of a Japanese movies, “Cinema Kabuki.” “Definitely maybe (or “I give you a definite maybe)”… That’s my favorite phrase! I have no idea what sort of movies “Definitely Maybe.” I feel robbed of the originality of the phrase! Admittedly, I found the phrase some years ago in “Prozac Nation” by Elizabeth Wurtzel. So, it is not my original, but I have been feeling that I share the phrase only with Wurtzel. And now someone is intruding into the shared space!

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I repaired the camera lens applying some “force.” It is still creaky a bit. I hope the trouble won’t happen again.

Friday, April 11, 2008

Sushi-on-Conveyor Dinner, "Lens Error" and MM on Lee Tung-hui

昨日午後、MからChina Streetでの回転すしディナーのお誘い。近くに住んでいるにもかかわらず、長い間会ってなかったので、「何で?」と思ったが、雨降る中、出かけた。

食事の後、彼女が自分を連れて行ったのは、チャイナタウンのフィリピーナ・パブ。「何で?」と思ったが、しこたまビールを飲んだ。帰りに1回、道でこけるほど酔っていた。

今日起きると、電源がOFFになっているのにカメラのレンズが本体に納まりきれていないのを発見した。「Lens Error!」軽くレンズを叩くと納まって、ONにできるが、OFFにするとまた「Lens Error!」のメッセージが現れる。レンズの中心が狂ったに違いない。どうしてかわからない……。お願いやから、壊れんといて!!

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LKY wrote about China and its leaders extensively. However, more interesting to me is his very critical view on Lee Teng-hui(李登輝), who has been a strong advocate of the “Japanese way.”

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Chiang Ching-kuo died in January 1988…

Vice-President Lee Teng-hui took over. I had met him first as mayor of Taipei, the as the governor of Taiwan province… He was competent, industrious and deferential to his superiors, especially the president and the mainlander ministers…

For a few years President Lee Teng-hui continued the KMT’s settled policy of one China and no independent Taiwan…

Once he had consolidated his position, President Lee began to express his feelings in words which caused the leaders in Beijing to conclude that he wanted to keep Taiwan separate from China for as long as possible. In 1992 President Lee announced his terms for reunification. He defined “one China” as the Republic of China, not as the People’s Republic of China. National reunification would only be achieved under a “free, prosperous and democratic China” – in other words, communist China must first become as democratic as Taiwan. I did not know then that this was intended as a fixed, unbridgeable position, not a starting point for negotiations.

In April 1994 President Lee gave an interview to Ryotaro Shiba… In it, he said the KMT was a party of outsiders, that the Taiwanese people had suffered greatly under the occupation of outsiders… and that “Difficulties will lie ahead of Moses and his people… ‘Exodus’ may be a kind of fit conclusion.” For a president of Taiwan to talk of Moses leading his people to the Promised Land was a statement China could not ignore.

I received President Lee in Singapore in 1989, the first visit by a Taiwanese president to Southeast Asia… [Although] we had not then established diplomatic relations with the PRC, I decided the protocol level would not be that of a head of state… [We] referred to him as President Lee “from Taiwan,” not “of Taiwan.” Nevertheless that visit raised his political profile in the region.

By preference, he proudly told me, he read four top Japanese newspapers every day and watched NHK TV by satellite from Tokyo. Even for books, he preferred to read Japanese translations rather than the English originals because he found them easier reading. Steeped as he was in Japanese history and culture, he did not think much of the mainland, either its history and culture or its present communist leaders, viewing them with the eyes of a Japanese-trained elite. He… publicly called [the mainland leaders] “blockhead,” “stupid” and “damaged brains.”

[Because] of Taiwan’s isolation, he could not understand why world leaders did not sympathise with Taiwan as the Japanese did. He considered Japan’s sympathy and support for Taiwan of great importance. He also believed that if he followed the prescriptions of American liberals and the US Congress for democracy and human rights, the United States would defend him against communist China.

I could not understand President Lee’s position. An old friend of his explained that… Lee… was also a devout Christian who would do God’s will at all costs, fired by the bushido spirit.

… I asked Premier Li Peng why he was so concerned that Lee Teng-hui wanted independence. Li Peng said they watched the whole video recording of Lee Teng-hui’s speech in Cornel. Lee did not refer at all to one China, but emphasised Taiwan, and called it the Republic of China on Taiwan. This conviction led in March 1996 to the most serious confrontation between the two sides since the 1958 crisis in Quemoy. The Chinese deployed troops and conducted military exercises in Fujian province opposite Taiwan, and fired missiles that landed in waters near Important seaports on Taiwan’s west coast.

Meanwhile, President Lee began to de-emphasise Taiwan’s Chineseness. From the end of the war in 1945 until the death of Chiang Ching-kuo in 1988, their schools and universities taught in the national language (Mandarin). Students learnt the history and geography of mainland China of which Taiwan was a province. Now, schools teach more of the history and geography of Taiwan…

During his 12 years as president, Lee voiced separatist sentiments that had lain formant in Taiwan. He underestimated the will of the leaders of and people of the Chinese mainland to keep Taiwan firmly in China’s fold. Lee’s policies could only prevail with the support of the United States. By acting as though such support would be forthcoming for all times, he led the people of Taiwan to believe that they did not need to negotiate seriously on Taiwan’s future with China’s leaders. His contribution to Taiwan’s future has been to turn the reunification issues into the most important item on Beijing’s agenda. (pp. 625-632)

Thursday, April 10, 2008

Med Refilled, Me, "Xiao Jie"? and Internet Retailing in Japan

Yesterday (Tuesday), heavy afternoon rain prevented me from going to the SGH. I tried today. At the pharmacy, I was told that they didn’t have the particular drugs I need and I should go to a private (commercial) pharmacy instead. The man at the counter mentioned the pharmacy at Orchard Centrepoint. No choice. More travel. I went there and got the drugs. Certainly cheaper than at the clinic, but not much…

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T. Bahruの駅前でティッシュペーパーを売っているおばちゃんに「小姐」と呼ばれてしまった。髪はちょっと長いけど、1日剃ってないヒゲ面なのに。こんなことはかつて……一度あった。Tomlinsonに住んでいたとき、Orchard Towersを通り過ぎようとすると、ポン引きのおっちゃんに女性と間違われたことがあった。

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日本の古本が欲しくてウェブでチェックすると、プレミアの値段で売られている。ただし、そこは宅配便での国内発送だけ。「Amazon.co.jp」を試すと、ここにもあった。価格は1件目の半額以下。さすがと思ったが、「お届け先住所」を入力すると「内容に不備があります」「この商品は入力された国には発送できません」。内容に「不備」なんかないやないか!海外発送でけへんて、何のためのインターネットやねん。う~ん、ブログの維持にこの本が必要なんやけど……。

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Tonight (Wednesday), I “think” that I completed the last assignment. As there are many, I’ve lost count.

Monday, April 07, 2008

Prescription Given by Doc, My Third Blog and MM on More Japanese PMs

Last Wednesday, I received a call from the clinic, telling me that the doctor would give me a prescription so that I could refill my medication at public medical institutions, which should be cheaper. I met her today for the first time in many months. I updated her about myself, and it is always a reassuring experience to talk with her, who really knows and understands my conditions.

I thought about going to the SGH, which is not far from this apartment, before coming back home. But… when I got off Bus 174 at CK Tang, supposedly to change to 123, I walked back to Isetan to do some grocery shopping. Let me try to go to the SGH tomorrow.

I have started my third blog, “Anokoro no Nankai Hawks (The Nankai Hawks of Those Days),” to perpetuate records and memories, and for that I’ve been retaking photos now that I’m more familiar with the camera. This is more like a website rather than a blog. After I’ve uploaded information I have, there will be not many additional entries, even though I need to correct some information or add some more. I should have made it a “proper” website. But I don’t know how to create a site… And I wish I had an image scanner.

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Although he led one of the smallest LDP factions, Toshiki Kaifu became prime minister in 1989. He was a pleasant, gregarious man known as “Mr Clean.” While not as scholarly as Miyazawa, or decisive like Nakasone, or an infighter like Takeshita, he had a common touch.

Kaifu made the first break with the past in a memorable speech in Singapore in May 1990. He expressed “sincere contrition at past Japanese actions, which inflicted unbearable suffering and sorrow upon a great many people in the Asia Pacific region… The Japanese people are firmly resolved never again to repeat those actions, which had tragic consequences…” It was just short of an apology. He spoke with candour and realism.

I highlighted to Kaifu the difference between the Germans and Japanese attitudes to their war records… I suggested that the Japanese study the German way of educating the next generation on their history… He would look into the task of educating the young about the World War II and would revise their school textbooks. He did not stay long enough in office to follow through before he was replaced by Kiichi Miyazawa. (pp. 573-574)

… [Miyazawa] struck me more of a scholar than a politician…

The media had quoted me in 1991: letting the Japanese re-arm for UN peacekeeping operations in Cambodia was like “giving liqueur chocolates to and alcoholic.” At a lunch with other LDP leaders in Tokyo shortly before he took over as prime minister, Miyazawa asked me what I had meant. I replied that it was difficult to change Japanese culture. The Japanese have a deeply ingrained habit of wanting to achieve perfection and going to the limits in whatever they did, whether in flower arrangement, sword-making or war. I did not believe Japan could repeat what it had done between 1931 and 1945 because China now had the nuclear bomb. But if Japan wanted to play its part as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, its neighbours must feel it was trustworthy and dependable as a force for peace. Miyazawa asked whether Kaifu’s expression of “contrition” was not in itself a catharsis. I said it was a good start but not an apology. (pp. 574-575)

As prime minister, Miyazawa’s first statement in the Diet in January 1992 expressed his “heartfelt remorse and regrets” at the unbearable suffering and sorrow the people of the Asia Pacific region had endured. … Miyazawa was a dove. He… was against any re-arming. His English was fluent with a wide vocabulary, making a frank exchange of views easy. He was quick to take up and counter any point he did not accept – but ever so politely…

… Most Japanese leaders believed that their arrangements with the United States would ensure security for 20 years. It was the long-term future that troubled Miyazawa and all Japanese leaders. Their unspoken fear was that one day the Americans would be unable to maintain their dominant military presence and would be unwilling to defend Japan. They were uncertain whether China would be a force for stability or tension.

Most Japanese leaders believed that in a crunch Asean countries would line up with Japan… However, they were uncertain how Singapore’s majority Chinese population and its future leaders would react under Chinese pressure. I do not think I succeeded in dispelling their doubts. (pp. 575-576)

… One outcome of this break I the LDP hold of government was that Morihiro Hosokawa became prime minister to admit in unambiguous language Japan’s aggression in World War II and apologised for the suffering caused. He did not have the LDP mindset, to hang tough over their war crimes. This unqualified apology came only after a non-mainstream party leader became prime minister.

The following year, Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama of the Social Democratic Party of Japan also apologised, and did so to each Asean leader in turn during his visits to Asean countries. He said publicly in Singapore that Japan needed to face up squarely to its past actions of aggression and colonialism… He was the first Japanese prime minister to lay a wreath at Singapore’s civilian war memorial. We had not asked him to do so… The apologies of… Hosokawa and Murayama… irrevocably dented the hard-line no-apology stance of previous Japanese governments… (pp. 576-577)

When Ryutaro Hashimoto of the LDP became prime minister in 1996, he visited the Yasukuni Shrine in July that year, on his birthday… Hashimoto expressed his “deepest regrets” on the 52nd anniversary of the end of the World War II (1997) and his “profound remorse” during his visit to Beijing in September 1997. However, he did not apologise, as the Chinese and Korean wished Japan’s leader to do.

I do not understand why the Japanese are so unwilling to admit the past, apologise for it and move on. For some reason, they do not want to apologise. To apologise is to admit having done a wrong. To regrets or remorse merely expresses their present subjective feelings. They denied the massacre of Nanjing took place; that Korean, Filipino, Dutch and other women were kidnapped or otherwise forced to be “comfort women” (a euphemism for sex slaves) for Japanese soldiers at the war fronts; that they carried out cruel biological experiments on live Chinese, Korean, Mongolian, Russian and other prisoners in Manchuria. In each case, only after irrefutable evidence was produced from their own records did they make reluctant admissions. This fed suspicions of Japan’s future intensions.

… If the Japanese feel threatened, deprived of their means of livelihood as a nation by being cut off from oil of other critical resources, or shut out from their export markets, I believe they will again fight ferociously as they did from 1941 to 1945.

Whatever the future may hold for Japan and Asia, to play their role as an economic moderniser and UN peacekeeper, the Japanese must first put this apology issue to rest. Asia and Japan must move on. We need greater trust and confidence in each other. (pp. 577-578)

Friday, April 04, 2008

Gay Sex in 7-eleven Toilet? MM on Japanese PMs

午前3時ごろ、ガマンならずにタバコを買いに行った。以前、つり銭をごまかされて激怒した7イレブンまで。レジに誰もいなかった。すぐ後に入ってきたインド系のおじさんが「Hey, boy!!」と奥にいるはずの店員を呼ぶ。それでも出てこないので、従業員以外立入り禁止の場所をのぞいてみたら、トイレから前にも見たことのある、これまたインド系のお兄さんが出てきた。彼の声や動作からして、多分ゲイだろうなと思っていたお兄さんだ。支払っていると、奥からもう1人の男(この人は中国系)が現れた。彼は何も言わずに店を出て行ったが、インド系のお兄さんは彼を「bye bye」とやさしい声で見送っていた。あの~、自分は「homophobia」ではないけど、勤務中にトイレで……はやめてほしい。洗っていないに違いないその手でタバコとつり銭を渡されたのには、すっきりしない気分だった。

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“From Third World to First”はおしまい。昨日発見した事実誤認は、昨夜(と言うか、けさ)のうちにSPHにメールで指摘した。

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それから、募集が締め切られたようだった仕事、別のサイトで同じ会社の同じ募集を見つけたので、履歴書を送付した。ダメでもいい。何か行動しないと。

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楽天の連勝が7でストップした。監督さん、31年前と同じですね。当時の阪急のように圧倒的に強いチームがないので、今年はチャンスですよ。ところで、楽天は「楽天ゴールデン・イーグルス」のはずなのに、「ゴールデン」が忘れ去られているようなのはどうしてなのか?しかし、「タイガース」で散々だったノムラさんにとっては、「ホークス」「スワローズ」とともに「ゴールデン・イーグルス」は鳥類で縁起がいいかも。

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One interview I gave to… Foreign Affairs… was published in February 1994, causing a minor stir among Americans interested in the Asian values versus Western values debate. In my answers, I avoided using the terms “Asian values,” of which there are many different kinds, and instead referred to Confucian values, the values that prevail in the cultures of China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam… There are also some 20 million ethnic Chinese among the peoples of Southeast Asia…

There is no Asian model as such, but there are fundamental differences between East Asian Confucian and Western liberal societies. Confucian societies believe that the individual exists in the context of the family, extended family, friends and wider society, and that the government cannot and should not take over the role of the family. Many in the West believe that the government is capable of fulfilling the obligations of the family when it fails, as single mothers. East Asians shy away from this approach. (p. 545)

As a prominent dissident, Kim Dae Jung had spent many years in the United States and become an advocate of the universal application of human rights and democracy regardless of cultural values. [He] had written an article in… Foreign Affairs in response to my interview with the editor, Fareed Zakaria. He did not agree that history and culture made for different attitudes of a people and different norms of government. Foreign Affairs invited me to reply. I chose not to. The differences in our views cannot be resolved by argument. It will be settled by history, by the way events will develop in the next 50 years. It takes more time than one generation for the political, economic, social and cultural implications of policies to work themselves out. It is a process of attrition, of social Darwinism. (pp. 596-597)

… Because of fear and hate arising from the suffering of the occupation years, I had felt the satisfaction of schadenfreude when I read of their hunger and suffering in their bombed and burnt cities. This feeling turned into reluctant respect and admiration as they stoically and methodically set out to rebuild from the ashes of defeat… (p. 558)

My first post-war dealing with the Japanese was over a cold-blooded massacre committed when they captured Singapore in 1942. By chance, bones in a mass grave were discovered during earthworks in February 1962 in Siglap, a suburb in the eastern end of the island. There were 40 such sites… I had to be seen to raise the matter with the Japanese government and decided to see for myself this revitalised Japan. In May 1962 I made my first visit to Japan…

The only important business I raised with Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda was the “blood debt,” compensation for their wartime atrocities. He expressed his “sincere regrets” – not apology – for what had happened. He said the Japanese people would like to made amends for the “wrong done to the spirits of the departed”… They wanted to avoid making a precedent that would lead to a deluge of claims from other victims elsewhere… We eventually settled this “blood debt” after independence, in October 1966, for $50 million, half in grants and half in loans. I wanted to establish good relations to encourage their industrialist to invest in Singapore. (pp. 558-559)

[During my unofficial visit in April 1967, Prime Minister Eisaku Sato] accepted my invitation to visit Singapore. He was the first Japanese prime minister to visit Singapore after the war.

Sato was dignified and serious-looking until he broke into a friendly smile… He spoke in a deep vice and did not waste words. For every three sentences by his foreign minister, Takeo Miki, he uttered one, the more telling one…

… The only reference he made in his speech to the Japanese occupation was “There were times in the history of Asia when we had a number of unhappy incidents,” a monumental understatement.

I paid a return official visit a year later, in October 1968…

Because it was an official visit, the emperor and empress of Japan gave us lunch at the Imperial Palace. The main palace had been bombed so they received us in one of the outer buildings… Coming face to face with this demigod was a memorable moment in my life… Here before Choo and me was this small man with a spare stooped frame. He looked utterly harmless. Indeed, he was friendly and courteous, speaking in a very low whisper… [After a photo opportunity] we sat down for a conversation, inconsequential except that a the appropriate moment he expressed his regrets for any suffering caused to the people of Singapore during the war. I nodded but did not say anything. I was not prepared for it, and thought it best to stay silent.

… One of my last acts as prime minister was to attend his funeral in February 1989… [During the war] I could not have imagined then that I would represent Singapore to pay my respects to the Japanese emperor at his funeral… The world came to pay tribute to Japan’s outstanding success. (pp. 560-562)

The right of free passage through the Straits of Malacca was uppermost in the minds of almost all the Japanese leaders I met in the 1960s and ‘70s. Sato had first expressed his concern in 1967 that big tankers might not be able to the Straits of Malacca because of its shallowness in certain parts… With advanced technology the straits could be deepened and lighted buoys could mark out the lanes… He was preoccupied with their sea access to raw materials, especially oil, and to their markets. These issues had led them into World War II… The next prime minister, Kakuei Tanaka, also raised this issue in May 1973 when I went to Tokyo. When I told him that we could work together to resist any proposal by other countries in the regions to collect toll from ships passing through the straits, he was visibly reassured. (p. 563)

The Japanese prime ministers I met, from Ikeda in 1962 to Miyazawa in 1990, were all men of considerable ability. One stood out as a rough diamond – Kakuei Tanaka…

It was refreshing to talk to a Japanese leader who was ready to express his views without inhibitions, even on sensitive subjects like anti-Japanese sentiments in Southeast Asia…

… He exuded enormous self-confidence. (pp. 566-567)

Because most Japanese prime ministers after Sato did not remain in office more than two years, it was difficult to establish deep personal relations with them…

Yasuhiro Nakasone,,, was able to stay as prime minister for five years from 1982. He could speak English but with a heavy Japanese accent…

He had none of the self-effacing ways of most Japanese leaders. When I visited him in March 1983 he… was concerned over Asean’s reaction to what he termed “a slight increase in Japan’s defence expenditure”… He wanted to assure apprehensive neighbours that Japan was not becoming militaristic simply because it improved its self-defence forces so as to be able, in an emergency, to defend the three straits (Soya, Tsugaru and Tsushima) around the Japanese islands. This, he claimed, had been the policy of previous cabinets, although it had not been publicly declared.

When he visited Singapore in 1983, I recounted that 10 years previously, in the same cabinet room, General Ichiji Sugita (retired), who as a lieutenant –colonel had helped to plan General Tomoyuki Yamashita’s invasion of Malaya, had apologised to me for his role. He had returned in 1974 and 1975 together with his surviving officers colleagues to brief Singapore Armed Forces officers on their experience during the campaign in Malaya and their final assault on and capture of Singapore… We must not allow ourselves to be blinkered by the past but work towards a future free of suspicions. [Nakasone] expressed in English his “heartfelt gratitude” for my position. (pp. 570-571)

[Noboru] Takeshita was prime minister at a time of excitement and hope among the Japanese of getting the Kurile islands back from the Soviets… In Tokyo, at the funeral of Emperor Hirohito in February 1989, Takeshita told me that the Soviet Union had not relented in its occupation of the islands. Later, he sent me a message asking me to put in a word of support for the return of the islands when Soviet Prime Minister Ryzhkov visited Singapore in early 1990… When Ryzhkov visited Singapore, I raised the subject of the four islands. His response was totally predictable: there was no dispute over the four islands; they were Soviet. (pp. 572-573)

Nomura-san's Cap and MM on Ford, Carter and Reagan

去年からそんな気がしてた。やっぱりノムラさんの帽子はコーチや選手のものと形が違って「昔型」。何でやろ?嫁ハンのゴリ押しによる特別扱いか?開幕早々の7連勝、おめでとうございます。31年前と同じですね。

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Two nights ago, I found a nice-sounding position advertised on a job-search website. I bookmarked it then and returned there tonight. I saw the message, "Employer has closed the position." Ohhhhh...

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I found a very basic error in page 709 of “From Third World to First.” It says; “Dick Cheney, the former US secretary of defence under Reagan until 1992…” Ha, Reagan’s defence secretary was Casper Weinberger throughout his presidency.

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… I called on President Gerald Ford at noon on 8 May 1975, eight days after the fall of Saigon… Ford looked troubled but not despondent. He asked for the region’s reaction to the fall of Vietnam. I had been in Bangkok, just before Saigon fell. The Thais were nervous, as were people in Indonesia. Suharto was quietly and firmly in control. I said congressional intervention to stop the bombing of the communists had contributed to the fall of South Vietnam. If Watergate had not happened and the bombing had continued, the South Vietnamese forces would not have lost heart and the outcome could have been different. Once the bombings stopped and aid was significantly reduced, the fate of the South Vietnamese government was sealed.

Ford had been portrayed as a bumbler and stumbler, and American football player who had injured his head too many times. I found him a shrewd man with common sense who knew how to size up the people he had to deal with. (pp. 521-522)

[Jimmy Carter’s] emphasis was on human rights, not defence and security. Asean leaders braced themselves for four difficult years as they waited to see what he would actually do.

When I met him in October 1977… he kept to [the] schedule to the second. What astonished me was the subject he raised during the 10-minute tête-à-tête – why did Singapore want high-tech weapons like I-Hawk (Improve Hawk) ground-to-missiles? It was not an item in my brief. No previous president had ever queried me on our modest purchases of weapons, let alone defensive ones. High on Carter’s agenda was the stopping of arms proliferation… I said that Singapore was a very compact urban target which had to be thickly defended… To cut the matter short, I said we would not apply to buy them…

The official delegations met for 45 minutes and finished to the second. He had a laundry list which he pulled out from his shirt-pocket. Without re-reading the minutes of the meeting, I would have had no recollection of what we discussed. They were all inconsequential matters. His predecessors… had always covered the broad picture: how did Asia look – Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, then the communist countries of China and Vietnam, then US allies Thailand and the Philippines.

Carter did not raise these subjects. Nonetheless I decided to give him a broad-brush picture of how important America was for the stability and growth of the region… I am not sure I made any impression…

I met him again briefly in October 1978. Vice-President Walter Mondale received me and Carter dropped by for a photo opportunity. We did not have much of an exchange; he was still not interested in Asia. It was fortunate that his advisers persuaded him not to withdraw US troops from Korea.

[On] 24 December [in 1979], the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan… Carter was so shocked that he said, “The scales fell off my eyes.” He had not seen the Soviet regime for what it was. He… had believed that the Soviet leaders were reasonable people who would respond to sincere gestures of peace.

Carter was a good, God-fearing man, perhaps too good to be president… (pp. 523-526)

Reagan was a man of simple, straight-forward ideas, a strong and successful leader. He turned out to be good for America and the world. It was as well that in November 1980 Americans voted for a Hollywood actor instead of a peanut farmer.

… When I arrived at the White House about noon on June 19 [1981]… he wanted to talk about Taiwan and China.

I told Reagan that it was in America’s interest to have a Taiwan which was successful to provide a contrast to conditions on the mainland… He then asked me whether President Chiang Ching-kuo needed new generation aircraft… I gave him my opinion that there was no immediate threat to Taiwan from the mainland and that Taiwan’s present F-5s were adequate. Taiwan’s aircraft would need to be upgraded later, not immediately.

Referring to the unrest in Poland, Reagan said the Russians must be worried about being overextended. I said they were prepared to let the economy to go down to preserve their “empire.” He told [his national security adviser] Richard Allen to use that word more frequently when describing the Soviet domain. Reagan’s next speech referred to the “evil empire” of the Soviets.

[In] April 1982, Vice-President George Bush saw me in Singapore before going to China.

… [As] a presidential candidate Reagan had made strong statements in support of Taiwan. And he had repeated them even after George Bush went to Beijing in August 1980 to tell the Chinese they should understand and respect the US position, that it had to move gradually on Taiwan.

I suggested that the United States invite Premier Zhao Ziyang to visit Washington and then President Reagan visit Beijing to put his position in the way Bush expressed it. The Americans should convince Beijing of their one China policy… There was much common ground between China and the United States, Bush added. Reagan was “paranoid and uptight about the Soviet Union” and events in Poland and Afghanistan had reinforced this. Reagan did not like communism but saw strategic value of a relationship with China. (pp. 526-531)

By my next visit to Washington in July 1982, George Shultz had succeeded Al Haig as secretary of state… Haig had gone all out to forge a “strategic consensus” against the Soviet Union and had agreed to reduce arms sales to Taiwan gradually. Shultz had to settle the form of words that would spell out this promise… I said there was little value in leaving Taiwan militarily naked and at China’s mercy in order to use China’s weight against the Soviet Union….

I said [to Reagan] he did not have to sell out the Taiwanese, even though he needed China against the Soviet Union. The two objectives were not irreconcilable. They could be managed and contained.

In early 1984 Premier Zhao visited Washington and stressed that China wanted closer relations. In May Reagan visited China. Soon after that, Paul Wolfowitz, assistant to Shultz, came to Singapore to brief me on Reagan’s visit… Reagan had not yielded on global issues when the Chinese disagreed with him. Deng [Xiaoping] had emphasised that Taiwan was a knot in US-PRC relations that had to be untied.

… The eight years of the Reagan presidency were good years for America and the world. His “Star Wars” programme confronted President Gorbachev and the Soviet Union with a challenge they could not hope to meet. That helped to dismantle the Soviet Union.

[During my] official visit to Washington in early October 1985… [as] before, he sought my views on China and Taiwan. He said he had been walking a careful line between the PRC and Taiwan. He had made clear to the PRC that the United States would not walk away from Taiwan: “The US was a friend of both and would remain in that position.”

Another problem Reagan raised during our discussions was the Philippines… Marcos had been Reagan’s good friend and political supporter… I described to Reagan how Marcos had changed from the young anti-communist crusader of the 1960 to become a self-indulgent ageing ruler who allowed his wife and cronies to clean out the country through ingenious monopolies and put the government heavily in debt… I suggested the problem was how to find a neat and graceful way for Marcos to leave and have a new government installed which could begin to clean up the mess. [Reagan] decided to send an emissary to express US concern to Marcos at the deteriorating situation. (pp. 526-535)

Thursday, April 03, 2008

Hawks Wins 7 Straight Games (in 1977) and MM on Nixon

ノムラさん、楽天が6連勝でさぞかしご機嫌なことでしょう。

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南海ホークスは昭和52年、4月2日から阪急と開幕3連戦(西宮)。開幕投手は山内新一と山田久志で、この試合、10回表に勝ち越すものの、その裏に2点を奪われサヨナラ負け(2-3)を喫する。翌日のダブルヘッダー第1試合は藤田学が完投で7-2、第2試合も金城基泰が完投して9-1と連勝。以降、10日のロッテ戦(大阪)まで7連勝する。藤田学はその後も勝ち続け、すべて完投で5連勝(して6連敗)することになる。(写真=「はばたけホークス」第5号の表紙と昭和52年8月3日の阪急戦で10勝目を1-0の2安打完封で飾った藤田学。左はブレイザー・ヘッドコーチ、右は定岡智秋。カッコよすぎ!)

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うちで練習してもさほど近所迷惑にならないだろう三味線か中国横笛を習ってみたい。クラリネットかフルートでもいい。

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[Richard Nixon] met me in Singapore in 1967… He was a serious thinker, knowledgeable about Asia and the world… The Cultural Revolution was then at its height. He asked me what I thought was going on. As far as we could make out, Mao wanted to remake China… Even if all the books were burnt, the proverbs and sayings would survive in the folk memory of the people. Mao was doomed to fail.

Asked about US-China enmity, I said there was no natural or abiding source of enmity between China and the United States. China’s natural enemy was the Soviet Union with whom it shared a 4,000-mile boundary which had been shifted to China’s disadvantage in the last 100 years…

When we met in Washington in 1969, Nixon again questioned me on China. I gave him basically the same replies. I did not know then that his mind was already focused on China to improve American’s position vis-à-vis the Soviet Union.

The subject which took the most time was Vietnam… I sensed that he wanted to end the Vietnam War because of domestic opinion, but was not about to be the first American president to lose a war. He wanted an honourable exit.

I expressed my amazement at the Americans’ loss of confidence… Any withdrawal should be purposeful and gradual so that Vietnamese soldiers could take on more of the war… The solution was to get a group of committed South Vietnamese leaders to tackle the problems with the dedication and sense of purpose the Vietcong displayed… Hanoi was fighting the war in Washington and helped unwittingly by many in Congress, egged on by the media… He showed interest. He wanted reasons to believe it was possible. That cheered him.

When I next met Nixon on 5 November 1970, he appeared fatigued after a strenuous mid-term election campaign… I suggested that he open America’s doors and windows to China and begin trade on non-strategic goods. When two-thirds of the UN members supported China’s admission, the United States should not be seen to be blocking it… (pp. 514-517)

[In April 1973] Marshall Green, assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific affairs, asked for my views on America’s China initiatives, meaning Nixon’s visit to China in February 1972. I said they could not be faulted except for the element of surprise. If it had been done with less surprise, the favourable results would have been even better. The surprise factor had planted apprehension in Japanese and Southeast Asian minds that big powers were prone to sudden policy switches which could leave them on the wrong side.

Green explained that the Japanese had great difficulty in keeping secrets; they said so themselves. He stressed that the new relationship with China had not changed America’s policy towards any other nation in the area. (p. 519)

Tuesday, April 01, 2008

Longest-Working Baseball Player, and MM on USSR and LBJ

横浜ベイスターズの工藤くんが今日1日の試合に先発した。ノムラさんを抜いて実働27年の日本新記録を達成。同い年の工藤くんがノムラさんの記録を抜いたことに感慨を覚えもする。子供の頃、ノムラさんはすでに南海ホークスの監督兼捕手兼4番だった。工藤くんは西武にいた新人の頃、「クドちゃんで~す」と言って、石毛、秋山らといっしょにテレビに出てた人。来年、クビになったら、アメリカも韓国も台湾もある。もっと長く続けてほしい。

“From Third World to First”をもう少しで終わる。

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My meeting with President Mikhail Gorbachev was postponed several times because he was caught up in a series of intense discussions on the next step into a market economy…

[Gorbachev] was uncertain what his next step should be to solve almost insoluble problems. I thought to myself that he had made a fatal mistake going for glasnost… before perestroika…, that Deng Xiaoping had been wiser doing it the other way around. Gorbachev looked composed, calm and sincere when he said that each nation was unique and no country must dominate another militarily. He said the Soviet Union was engaged in perestroika, grappling with the question of choice, the choice of political and economic reform, and how it should proceed…

It was a miracle, I said, that the transformation of the Soviet Union was so peaceful. If he could get through the next three to five years without violence, he would have scored a great triumph…

As we walked out of the Kremlin, I marvelled that such a decent man could reach the top of so evil a system… It was a stroke of good fortune for the United States and indeed the world.

In my discussions with China’s leaders I discovered their totally different view of Gorbachev as a superpower leader who had listened to the siren call of his enemies. He should have been on guard when his enemies’ media praised him… Therefore, when the American media referred to Vice-Premier Zhu Rongji as China’s Gorbachev, Zhu quickly distanced himself from anything that might be seen to be like Gorbachev… [The Chinese] saw him as having dismantled the Soviet Union empire in a way that the CIA would have been proud to have done. (pp. 496-498)

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[In October 1967, immediately] after the welcoming ceremony, [Lyndon] Johnson had a one-on-one session with me… He was relieved to find someone from Southeast Asia and near Vietnam who understood, sympathised and quietly supported what he was doing [in Vietnam].

Johnson was very direct. Was the war winnable? Was he doing right? I told him he was doing right but the war was not winnable in a military sense. He could prevent the communists from winning. This would allow a Vietnamese leadership to emerge around which the people would rally. It would be a victory because that government would have the support of the people and it would be non-communist. I had no doubt that in a free vote the people would vote against the communists. He was cheered, if momentarily. (pp. 507-508)

I wanted to call on President Johnson. Bill Bundy was surprised that I wanted to see a lame duck president and not the president-elect (Richard Nixon)… It was a forlorn and melancholy Johnson I met. He said he had put everything he had into Vietnam. His two sons-in-law were in the armed forces and both had served in Vietnam. No man could do more. I left a disconsolate Johnson. (p. 514)

BJB=Boring Japanese Basaball and MM on ANZUS, India and Pakistan

シンガポール人が冬季オリンピックを見るように、選抜高校野球に興味なし。プロ野球も始まったけど、それほど関心なし。ただ、唯一の在阪パリーグのオリックスには勝ってもらって、楽天には負けてもらいたい。ノムラさんにはシーズン途中でもいいのでひっこんでもらいたい。そもそも、寄せ集め球団の監督になってくれた田尾を1年でクビにするなんて。その後に据えた監督が、球界の友だちを失い、名球会の集まりにも参加しづらいノムラさんだなんて。狂っている。ノムラさん後の楽天は、ぜひ応援したい。

日本で気になるのは、同年で横浜の工藤くんだけ。

*
「失い」で思い出した。Fort Canningにはいくつも解説板があるが、その日本語訳で「失」あるいはひらがな書きするはずの個所に「亡」が使われている。それから「、」「。」が行頭にきてもお構いなしだ。


*
… New Zealand underwent a sea change in July 1984 when they decided they did not want a nuclear Pacific and took a strong anti-nuclear stand. They were prepared to jeopardise their ANZUS treaty with the United States by refusing to allow any nuclear-powered ship or any ship carrying nuclear weapons to sail through New Zealand waters or dock in its ports, in effect blocking off the US Navy. It was an astonishing reversal of their traditional attitudes. In October that year, when I met [Prime Minister David] Lange in Singapore, I told him that nuclear warships frequently passed through the Straits of Malacca and the Straits of Singapore, that we recognised the risks of nuclear accident but the US naval presence in the region had given us 30 years of stability. He remained unconvinced. For him and his [Labour Party], a non-nuclear world was the only way to a secure future. (p. 447)

*
ANZUS加盟のニュージーランドが反核の姿勢をはっきりさせたこの話は、記憶に深~く残っている。米誌を読み始めた頃、毎週記事になってたから。

*
As a young student, I admired Nehru and his objective of a secular multiracial society…

I visited Nehru [for the second time] in 1964 when I stopped in Delhi on my way back from a tour of Africa. He was a shadow of his former self, weary, weak in voice and posture, slumped on a sofa. His concentration was poor. The Chinese attack across the Himalayas had been a blow to his hopes of Afro-Asian solidarity. I left the meeting filled with sadness. He died a few months later, in May. (p. 450)

Indira Gandhi was the toughest woman prime minister I have met. She was feminine but there was nothing soft about her. She was more determined and ruthless a political leader than Margaret Thatcher, Mrs Bandaranaike or Benazir Bhutto… [T]here was that steel in her that would match any Kremlin leader. She was unlike her father. Nehru was a man of ideas, concepts he had polished and repolished… Right or wrong, he was a thinker.

She was practical and pragmatic, concerned primarily with the mechanics of power, its acquisition and its exercise. A sad chapter in her many years in office was when she moved away from secularism, and to win the Hindi-Hindu vote in North India, consciously or otherwise brought Hindu chauvinism to the surface and allowed it to become a legitimate force in Indian politics… She was at her toughest when the unity of India was threatened. There was outrage throughout the Sikh world when she ordered troops into the Sikh holy temple at Amritsar… [S]he was unsentimental and concerned only with the power of the state which she was determined to preserve. She paid for it with her life in 1984, assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards. (pp. 454-455)

Only a well-intentioned prime minister would have sent Indian troops to Sri Lanka to put down a rebellion by Jaffna Tamils. These were descendants of Tamils who had left India over 1,000 years ago and were different from India’s Tamils. Indian soldiers spilt blood in Sri Lanka. They withdrew and the fighting went on. In 1991, a young Jaffna Tamil woman approached [Rajiv Gandhi] at an election rally near Madras, ostensibly to garland him, and blew them both up. It was not fair. His intentions had been good. (p. 456)

[President Zia Ul-Haq] invited me to visit Pakistan, which I did in March 1988… I was impressed to see Islamabad noticeably cleaner and better maintained than Delhi, with none of the filth, slums and streets overflowing with people in the city centre. Standards at their guesthouse and hotel were also higher. (p. 466)

Ties with Pakistan again stagnated until Nawaz Sharif became prime minister in November 1990… He visited Singapore twice in 1991 – March, quietly, to study the reasons for our economic progress; in December, to ask me to visit his country and advise on the opening up of its economy. Pakistan, he said, had started on bold reforms, using Singapore as a model.

He struck me as keen to change and make Pakistan more market-oriented…

[Sharif] was a man of action with much energy… His business background made him believe in private enterprise as the solution for slow growth and he was eager to privatise state enterprises…. The problem was that often he had neither the time nor the patience to have a comprehensive study made before deciding on a solution. On balance, I believe he was better able to govern than Benazir Bhutto… (pp. 467-468)

On my journey home I stopped in Karachi to meet Benazir Bhutto. She was full of venom for Nawaz Sharif and President Ghulam Ahmed Khan. She said her party had been unfairly treated; the government had tried to discredit her and her party by prosecuting her colleagues and her husband… She also claimed she had started their current push for deregulation and had passed the legislation for privatisation.

… I met Benazir Bhutto (now Prime Minister) in Davos in January 1994. She was elated and full of ideas. She wanted Singapore to participate in a road project from Pakistan to Central Asia going through Afghanistan… Her husband was even more ebullient. He was going to build an island off Karachi to develop as a free port and a free trade zone with casinos. It was totally uneconomic. Pakistan had so much unused land, what need was there to build an island? Their approach was simple: Singapore was successful, had lots of money, and therefore could invest in Pakistan and make it as successful. (p. 469)